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workers' demands

  • 1 revendications des travailleurs

    Dictionnaire juridique, politique, économique et financier > revendications des travailleurs

  • 2 reivindicación

    f.
    1 revindication, redemption, salvation, restoration.
    2 demand, urgent claim.
    3 grievance, cause for complaint.
    * * *
    1 claim, demand
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=reclamación) demand

    reivindicación salarial — pay claim, wage claim

    2) [de asesinato, crimen]
    3) (=desagravio)
    4) (Jur) recovery
    * * *
    a) ( demanda) demand, claim
    b) ( reconocimiento) recognition

    la reivindicación del general como héroe nacional — the restoration o rehabilitation of the general as a national hero

    * * *
    = assertion, grievance, claim, reclamation, vindication.
    Ex. The argument in support of this proposal rests on the following assertions: The main entry is a relic of the early days of the printed book catalog when, for reasons of space and cost of printing, a book was to be represented by one entry only.
    Ex. So, in the bicentennial spirit here's a three-point bill of particulars or grievances (in addition to what was mentioned previously with respect to offensive or unauthentic terms).
    Ex. Dialog also wants relief from outstanding royalty claims from the American Chemical Society.
    Ex. The steps to be followed in the reclamation and restoration of library materials should be set out.
    Ex. Hitchens' vigorous defense and vindication of Orwell consists of ten shortish chapters examining his hero's credentials in relation to various matters.
    * * *
    a) ( demanda) demand, claim
    b) ( reconocimiento) recognition

    la reivindicación del general como héroe nacional — the restoration o rehabilitation of the general as a national hero

    * * *
    = assertion, grievance, claim, reclamation, vindication.

    Ex: The argument in support of this proposal rests on the following assertions: The main entry is a relic of the early days of the printed book catalog when, for reasons of space and cost of printing, a book was to be represented by one entry only.

    Ex: So, in the bicentennial spirit here's a three-point bill of particulars or grievances (in addition to what was mentioned previously with respect to offensive or unauthentic terms).
    Ex: Dialog also wants relief from outstanding royalty claims from the American Chemical Society.
    Ex: The steps to be followed in the reclamation and restoration of library materials should be set out.
    Ex: Hitchens' vigorous defense and vindication of Orwell consists of ten shortish chapters examining his hero's credentials in relation to various matters.

    * * *
    A
    la patronal rechazó las reivindicaciones obreras the employers rejected the workers' demands
    repitieron sus reivindicaciones referentes a la zona ocupada they repeated their claims o demands with regard to the occupied zone
    2 (reconocimiento) recognition
    luchan por la reivindicación de sus derechos they are fighting for recognition of their rights
    B
    (rehabilitación): luchó por la reivindicación del buen nombre de su padre she fought to vindicate her father's good name
    la reivindicación del general como uno de los grandes héroes nacionales the restoration o rehabilitation of the general as a great national hero
    C
    (de un atentado): la reivindicación del atentado the claiming of responsibility for the attack;
    ( Der) recovery ( of property)
    * * *

    reivindicación sustantivo femenino






    reivindicación sustantivo femenino
    1 (laboral, política, etc) claim, demand
    2 reivindicación de un atentado, claiming of responsibility for an attack
    ' reivindicación' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    cada
    - solidaria
    - solidario
    English:
    chant
    - claim
    - demand
    - disallow
    - dismiss
    - dismissal
    - relinquish
    - shelve
    - withdraw
    - withdrawal
    * * *
    1. [acción]
    estamos a la espera de la reivindicación del atentado no one has yet claimed responsibility for the attack
    2. [resultado] claim, demand;
    el salario mínimo es una reivindicación histórica de los sindicatos a minimum wage is one of the trade unions' traditional demands;
    el país ha abandonado sus reivindicaciones territoriales the country has renounced its territorial claims
    reivindicación salarial pay claim
    * * *
    f claim
    * * *
    1) : demand, claim
    2) : vindication
    * * *
    reivindicación n demand / claim

    Spanish-English dictionary > reivindicación

  • 3 social

    adj.
    social.
    * * *
    1 social
    * * *
    adj.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=de la sociedad) social
    2) (Com, Econ) company antes de s, company's

    acuerdo social, pacto social — wages agreement

    paz social — industrial harmony, agreement between employers and unions

    2.
    SMPL (Escol) * social studies
    * * *
    1)
    a) <problemas/clase/lucha> social
    b) <reunión/compromiso> social
    2) (Fin) company (before n)
    * * *
    = social, societal, socialising [socializing, -USA], socialised [socialized, -USA], gregarious.
    Ex. She has been a vital and energetic voice in the movement to increase the sensitivity and responsibility of libraries to social issues, as well as a first-rate cataloger.
    Ex. A major concern of the journal will be the business, economic, legal, societal and technological relationships between information technology and information resource management.
    Ex. Thus teachers especially, because they have a captive audience, find themselves along with parents and a child's peers, one of a triumvirate of main socializing agents in a child's life.
    Ex. The client is rational and socialized and to a large extent determines self-destiny.
    Ex. The most popular activities are either those involving little physical effort (eg, listening to records), looking after the house & garden, or gregarious activities like going out for a drink.
    ----
    * acontecimiento social = community event, social.
    * actividad social = social activity.
    * acto social = networking event.
    * adaptación social = social adjustment.
    * agitación social = social upheaval.
    * aislamiento social = social isolation.
    * ansiedad social = social anxiety.
    * aprovechada de la asistencia social = welfare queen.
    * armonía social = social harmony.
    * asistencia social = social relief, welfare.
    * asistencia social para los mayores = elderly care, elder care [eldercare].
    * asistente social de barrio = community worker.
    * ayuda social = welfare benefits.
    * bienestar social = social welfare, welfare.
    * cambio social = social change, societal change.
    * capa social más distinguida, la = crust, the.
    * capital social = social capital.
    * causa social = social cause.
    * centro de asistencia social = welfare facility.
    * centro social = community centre, community hall.
    * centro social para veteranos de guerra = Veterans' centre.
    * ciencias sociales = social sciences, soft sciences, the.
    * club social = civic club.
    * cohesión social = social cohesion.
    * comentario social = social commentary.
    * complejo recreativo y social = leisure centre.
    * comportamiento social = social graces.
    * compromiso social = social engagement.
    * concertación social = social harmony.
    * conciencia social = social consciousness.
    * condiciones sociales = walks (of/in) life.
    * condición social = station in life.
    * conflictividad social = social unrest.
    * conflicto social = social conflict.
    * contrato social = social contract.
    * con una orientación social = socially-oriented.
    * convención social = social convention.
    * crítica social = social commentary.
    * cuestión social = social issue, societal issue.
    * cultura social = social culture.
    * debate social = public discourse.
    * derechos sociales = social rights.
    * descontento social = civil unrest, social unrest.
    * de una clase social superior = above + Posesivo + class.
    * diferencia social = social gap.
    * dimensión social = social dimension.
    * distancia social = social distance.
    * encuentro social = networking event.
    * enfermedad social = social disease.
    * entramado social, el = social web, the.
    * entre grupos sociales = intergroup.
    * equiparación social = social levelling.
    * escoria social de raza blanca = white trash.
    * espacio social = social space.
    * estatus social = class standing.
    * estratificación social = social stratification.
    * etiquetado social = social tagging.
    * evento social = social.
    * exclusión social = social exclusion.
    * fobia social = social anxiety.
    * grupo social = community group, social group.
    * hacer vida social = socialise [socialize, -USA].
    * inadaptación social = social maladjustment.
    * inadaptado social = social misfit.
    * incompetente social = geek, nerd, nerdy [nerdier -comp., nerdiest -sup.], geeky [geekier -comp., geekiest -sup.].
    * incorporación social = social inclusion.
    * Indice de Citas de las Ciencias Sociales (SSCI) = Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI).
    * inepto social = nerdy [nerdier -comp., nerdiest -sup.], nerd, geek, geeky [geekier -comp., geekiest -sup.].
    * influencia social = social influence.
    * injusticia social = social injustice.
    * inserción social = social insertion.
    * interacción social = social interaction.
    * malestar social = civil unrest, social malaise, social unrest.
    * marginación social = social exclusion.
    * marginado social = social outcast.
    * mediación social = social mediation.
    * medios de comunicación social = mass media.
    * mejora social = social improvement.
    * memoria social = social memory.
    * nivelación social = social levelling.
    * política social = social policy.
    * posición social = social standing.
    * práctica social = meme.
    * presión social = social pressure.
    * prestación social sustitut = community service.
    * profesión de vocación social = caring profession.
    * programa social = social program(me).
    * progreso social = social progress.
    * promoción social = social advancement.
    * rechazado social = social outcast.
    * redes sociales = social networking.
    * reintegración social = social reintegration.
    * reunión social = social gathering.
    * riesgo social = social risk.
    * salón social = community room, drop-in lounge, community hall.
    * sátira social = social satire.
    * seguridad social = social security.
    * Seguridad Social Británica = National Health Service (NHS).
    * seguro social = social insurance.
    * servicio social = social service.
    * servicio social sustitutorio = community service.
    * servicios sociales = human services.
    * sistema social = social system.
    * social demócrata = social democratic.
    * tejido social, el = social web, the, fabric of society, the.
    * tendencia social = social trend.
    * urbanización de viviendas sociales = council estate.
    * velada social = social evening.
    * vivienda social = council tenancy, council house.
    * web social, la = social web, the.
    * * *
    1)
    a) <problemas/clase/lucha> social
    b) <reunión/compromiso> social
    2) (Fin) company (before n)
    * * *
    = social, societal, socialising [socializing, -USA], socialised [socialized, -USA], gregarious.

    Ex: She has been a vital and energetic voice in the movement to increase the sensitivity and responsibility of libraries to social issues, as well as a first-rate cataloger.

    Ex: A major concern of the journal will be the business, economic, legal, societal and technological relationships between information technology and information resource management.
    Ex: Thus teachers especially, because they have a captive audience, find themselves along with parents and a child's peers, one of a triumvirate of main socializing agents in a child's life.
    Ex: The client is rational and socialized and to a large extent determines self-destiny.
    Ex: The most popular activities are either those involving little physical effort (eg, listening to records), looking after the house & garden, or gregarious activities like going out for a drink.
    * acontecimiento social = community event, social.
    * actividad social = social activity.
    * acto social = networking event.
    * adaptación social = social adjustment.
    * agitación social = social upheaval.
    * aislamiento social = social isolation.
    * ansiedad social = social anxiety.
    * aprovechada de la asistencia social = welfare queen.
    * armonía social = social harmony.
    * asistencia social = social relief, welfare.
    * asistencia social para los mayores = elderly care, elder care [eldercare].
    * asistente social de barrio = community worker.
    * ayuda social = welfare benefits.
    * bienestar social = social welfare, welfare.
    * cambio social = social change, societal change.
    * capa social más distinguida, la = crust, the.
    * capital social = social capital.
    * causa social = social cause.
    * centro de asistencia social = welfare facility.
    * centro social = community centre, community hall.
    * centro social para veteranos de guerra = Veterans' centre.
    * ciencias sociales = social sciences, soft sciences, the.
    * club social = civic club.
    * cohesión social = social cohesion.
    * comentario social = social commentary.
    * complejo recreativo y social = leisure centre.
    * comportamiento social = social graces.
    * compromiso social = social engagement.
    * concertación social = social harmony.
    * conciencia social = social consciousness.
    * condiciones sociales = walks (of/in) life.
    * condición social = station in life.
    * conflictividad social = social unrest.
    * conflicto social = social conflict.
    * contrato social = social contract.
    * con una orientación social = socially-oriented.
    * convención social = social convention.
    * crítica social = social commentary.
    * cuestión social = social issue, societal issue.
    * cultura social = social culture.
    * debate social = public discourse.
    * derechos sociales = social rights.
    * descontento social = civil unrest, social unrest.
    * de una clase social superior = above + Posesivo + class.
    * diferencia social = social gap.
    * dimensión social = social dimension.
    * distancia social = social distance.
    * encuentro social = networking event.
    * enfermedad social = social disease.
    * entramado social, el = social web, the.
    * entre grupos sociales = intergroup.
    * equiparación social = social levelling.
    * escoria social de raza blanca = white trash.
    * espacio social = social space.
    * estatus social = class standing.
    * estratificación social = social stratification.
    * etiquetado social = social tagging.
    * evento social = social.
    * exclusión social = social exclusion.
    * fobia social = social anxiety.
    * grupo social = community group, social group.
    * hacer vida social = socialise [socialize, -USA].
    * inadaptación social = social maladjustment.
    * inadaptado social = social misfit.
    * incompetente social = geek, nerd, nerdy [nerdier -comp., nerdiest -sup.], geeky [geekier -comp., geekiest -sup.].
    * incorporación social = social inclusion.
    * Indice de Citas de las Ciencias Sociales (SSCI) = Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI).
    * inepto social = nerdy [nerdier -comp., nerdiest -sup.], nerd, geek, geeky [geekier -comp., geekiest -sup.].
    * influencia social = social influence.
    * injusticia social = social injustice.
    * inserción social = social insertion.
    * interacción social = social interaction.
    * malestar social = civil unrest, social malaise, social unrest.
    * marginación social = social exclusion.
    * marginado social = social outcast.
    * mediación social = social mediation.
    * medios de comunicación social = mass media.
    * mejora social = social improvement.
    * memoria social = social memory.
    * nivelación social = social levelling.
    * política social = social policy.
    * posición social = social standing.
    * práctica social = meme.
    * presión social = social pressure.
    * prestación social sustitut = community service.
    * profesión de vocación social = caring profession.
    * programa social = social program(me).
    * progreso social = social progress.
    * promoción social = social advancement.
    * rechazado social = social outcast.
    * redes sociales = social networking.
    * reintegración social = social reintegration.
    * reunión social = social gathering.
    * riesgo social = social risk.
    * salón social = community room, drop-in lounge, community hall.
    * sátira social = social satire.
    * seguridad social = social security.
    * Seguridad Social Británica = National Health Service (NHS).
    * seguro social = social insurance.
    * servicio social = social service.
    * servicio social sustitutorio = community service.
    * servicios sociales = human services.
    * sistema social = social system.
    * social demócrata = social democratic.
    * tejido social, el = social web, the, fabric of society, the.
    * tendencia social = social trend.
    * urbanización de viviendas sociales = council estate.
    * velada social = social evening.
    * vivienda social = council tenancy, council house.
    * web social, la = social web, the.

    * * *
    A
    1 ‹cambio/problemas› social; ‹clase/lucha› social
    las reivindicaciones sociales de los trabajadores the workers' demands for improvements in social conditions
    2 ‹reunión/compromiso› social
    notas sociales or agenda social ( Period) society column/pages
    B ( Fin) company ( before n) capital2 (↑ capital (2)), razón, sede
    ( Esp)
    undercover police officer
    * * *

     

    social adjetivo
    social
    social adjetivo
    1 social
    2 Fin capital social, share capital
    domicilio social, registered address
    ' social' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    agitación
    - alta
    - ambiente
    - argot
    - arribista
    - asistencia
    - asistente
    - beneficio
    - capital
    - cartilla
    - casta
    - círculo
    - clase
    - condición
    - conflictividad
    - convulsión
    - cotizar
    - cotización
    - entorno
    - específica
    - específico
    - estratificación
    - extracción
    - FSE
    - humildad
    - humilde
    - imponerse
    - INSERSO
    - insumisa
    - insumiso
    - malestar
    - movimiento
    - nivel
    - orientarse
    - rango
    - retirarse
    - seguridad
    - señor
    - situarse
    - socialdemócrata
    - SS
    - tertuliana
    - tertuliano
    - tratar
    - trepa
    - advenedizo
    - aportar
    - aporte
    - bien
    - bienestar
    English:
    antisocial
    - atmosphere
    - benefit
    - caring professions
    - civil
    - class
    - climber
    - community centre
    - dinner
    - enhance
    - health service
    - inbred
    - institution
    - Ivy League
    - ladder
    - lounge
    - misfit
    - National Insurance
    - NHS
    - pecking order
    - position
    - rise
    - rising
    - share capital
    - skill
    - social
    - social climber
    - Social Democrat
    - social insurance
    - social sciences
    - social security
    - social services
    - social welfare
    - social worker
    - socialize
    - socializing
    - standing
    - station
    - unrest
    - village hall
    - visitor
    - walk
    - welfare
    - welfare centre
    - welfare worker
    - ASBO
    - barbecue
    - bee
    - claim
    - code
    * * *
    social adj
    1. [clase, organización, lucha] social
    2. [vida, actividad] social
    3. Econ
    capital social share capital;
    sede social headquarters, head office
    * * *
    adj social
    * * *
    social adj
    : social
    ♦ socialmente adv
    * * *
    social adj social

    Spanish-English dictionary > social

  • 4 Forderung

    f
    1. demand, request ( nach for; an + Akk on); in Aufrufen: call (for); (Anspruch) claim (for); Forderungen stellen make demands; die Forderung stellen, dass... demand ( oder insist) that...; die Forderung der Stunde ist... the pressing need of the moment is...; das ist eine Forderung der Vernunft common sense demands ( oder requires) this
    2. nur Sg. WIRTS., von Preis, Spesen: charging; von Gebühren etc.: exaction
    3. WIRTS. (geforderter Preis) asking price, charge; (Anspruch auf Bezahlung) claim; eine Forderung haben an (+ Akk) have a claim against ( oder on); eine Forderung einklagen / eintreiben sue for payment of / collect a debt; ausstehende Forderungen outstanding debts, accounts receivable
    4. Forderung zum Duell challenge to a duel
    * * *
    die Forderung
    claim; demand; requirement; postulation; postulate
    * * *
    Fọr|de|rung ['fɔrdərʊŋ]
    f -, -en
    1) (= Verlangen) demand (nach for); (= Lohnforderung, Entschädigungsforderung etc) claim (nach for); (in Appell, Aufrufen etc) call (nach for)

    Forderungen an jdn stellen — to make demands on sb

    jds Forderung erfüllen — to meet sb's demand/claim

    2) (geh = Erfordernis) requirement
    3) (COMM = Anspruch) claim (
    an +acc, gegen on, against)
    4) (= Herausforderung) challenge
    * * *
    die
    1) ((a demand for) a payment of compensation etc: a claim for damages against her employer.) claim
    2) (a request made so that it sounds like a command: They refused to meet the workers' demands for more money.) demand
    3) (something that is needed, asked for, ordered etc: It is a legal requirement that all cars have brakes which work; Our firm will be able to supply all your requirements.) requirement
    * * *
    For·de·rung
    <-, -en>
    f
    1. (nachdrücklicher Wunsch) demand
    jds \Forderung erfüllen to meet sb's demands
    einer \Forderung nachkommen to act as requested
    eine \Forderung/ \Forderungen nach etw dat erheben to demand sth
    \Forderungen [an jdn] haben to demand sth [of sb]
    \Forderungen [an jdn/etw] stellen to make demands [on sb/sth]
    2. ÖKON, JUR (Anspruch) claim, debt [claim [or due]]
    ▪ \Forderungen pl (Posten in einer Bilanz) claims pl, loans and advances pl
    ausstehende \Forderungen active debts
    unpfändbare \Forderung ungarnishable third-party debts
    eine \Forderung anmelden/abtreten to file/to assign a claim
    eine \Forderung einklagen [o eintreiben] to sue for a debt
    \Forderungen [an jdn] haben to have claims against sb
    eine \Forderung regulieren/zurückweisen to settle/to repudiate a claim
    3. (Erfordernis) requirement
    4. (hist: Herausforderung zum Duell) challenge to a duel
    * * *
    die; Forderung, Forderungen
    1) (Anspruch) demand; (in bestimmter Höhe) claim
    2) (Kaufmannsspr.) claim (an + Akk. against)
    3) (zum Duell) challenge
    * * *
    1. demand, request (
    nach for;
    an +akk on); in Aufrufen: call (for); (Anspruch) claim (for);
    Forderungen stellen make demands;
    die Forderung stellen, dass … demand ( oder insist) that …;
    die Forderung der Stunde ist … the pressing need of the moment is …;
    das ist eine Forderung der Vernunft common sense demands ( oder requires) this
    2. nur sg WIRTSCH, von Preis, Spesen: charging; von Gebühren etc: exaction
    3. WIRTSCH (geforderter Preis) asking price, charge; (Anspruch auf Bezahlung) claim;
    eine Forderung haben an (+akk) have a claim against ( oder on);
    eine Forderung einklagen/eintreiben sue for payment of/collect a debt;
    ausstehende Forderungen outstanding debts, accounts receivable
    4.
    Forderung zum Duell challenge to a duel
    * * *
    die; Forderung, Forderungen
    2) (Kaufmannsspr.) claim (an + Akk. against)
    3) (zum Duell) challenge
    * * *
    f.
    claim n.
    demand n.
    postulation n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Forderung

  • 5 Förderung

    f
    1. demand, request ( nach for; an + Akk on); in Aufrufen: call (for); (Anspruch) claim (for); Forderungen stellen make demands; die Forderung stellen, dass... demand ( oder insist) that...; die Forderung der Stunde ist... the pressing need of the moment is...; das ist eine Forderung der Vernunft common sense demands ( oder requires) this
    2. nur Sg. WIRTS., von Preis, Spesen: charging; von Gebühren etc.: exaction
    3. WIRTS. (geforderter Preis) asking price, charge; (Anspruch auf Bezahlung) claim; eine Forderung haben an (+ Akk) have a claim against ( oder on); eine Forderung einklagen / eintreiben sue for payment of / collect a debt; ausstehende Forderungen outstanding debts, accounts receivable
    4. Forderung zum Duell challenge to a duel
    * * *
    die Forderung
    claim; demand; requirement; postulation; postulate
    * * *
    Fọr|de|rung ['fɔrdərʊŋ]
    f -, -en
    1) (= Verlangen) demand (nach for); (= Lohnforderung, Entschädigungsforderung etc) claim (nach for); (in Appell, Aufrufen etc) call (nach for)

    Forderungen an jdn stellen — to make demands on sb

    jds Forderung erfüllen — to meet sb's demand/claim

    2) (geh = Erfordernis) requirement
    3) (COMM = Anspruch) claim (
    an +acc, gegen on, against)
    4) (= Herausforderung) challenge
    * * *
    die
    1) ((a demand for) a payment of compensation etc: a claim for damages against her employer.) claim
    2) (a request made so that it sounds like a command: They refused to meet the workers' demands for more money.) demand
    3) (something that is needed, asked for, ordered etc: It is a legal requirement that all cars have brakes which work; Our firm will be able to supply all your requirements.) requirement
    * * *
    For·de·rung
    <-, -en>
    f
    1. (nachdrücklicher Wunsch) demand
    jds \Forderung erfüllen to meet sb's demands
    einer \Forderung nachkommen to act as requested
    eine \Forderung/ \Forderungen nach etw dat erheben to demand sth
    \Forderungen [an jdn] haben to demand sth [of sb]
    \Forderungen [an jdn/etw] stellen to make demands [on sb/sth]
    2. ÖKON, JUR (Anspruch) claim, debt [claim [or due]]
    ▪ \Forderungen pl (Posten in einer Bilanz) claims pl, loans and advances pl
    ausstehende \Forderungen active debts
    unpfändbare \Forderung ungarnishable third-party debts
    eine \Forderung anmelden/abtreten to file/to assign a claim
    eine \Forderung einklagen [o eintreiben] to sue for a debt
    \Forderungen [an jdn] haben to have claims against sb
    eine \Forderung regulieren/zurückweisen to settle/to repudiate a claim
    3. (Erfordernis) requirement
    4. (hist: Herausforderung zum Duell) challenge to a duel
    * * *
    die; Forderung, Forderungen
    1) (Anspruch) demand; (in bestimmter Höhe) claim
    2) (Kaufmannsspr.) claim (an + Akk. against)
    3) (zum Duell) challenge
    * * *
    1. promotion; (Unterstützung) support; (Anregung) stimulation; der Künste etc: patronage, sponsorship
    2. BERGB production; von Öl etc: extraction; von Erz, Kohle: mining; (Menge) output
    3. TECH (Beförderung) conveyance; (Zuführung) supply
    * * *
    die; Forderung, Forderungen
    2) (Kaufmannsspr.) claim (an + Akk. against)
    3) (zum Duell) challenge
    * * *
    f.
    claim n.
    demand n.
    postulation n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Förderung

  • 6 demanda

    f.
    1 request.
    demanda salarial wage claim
    en demanda de asking for
    2 demand (economics).
    La ley de la oferta y la demanda the law of supply and demand.
    3 lawsuit (law).
    presentar una demanda contra to take legal action against
    demanda de divorcio petition for a divorce
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: demandar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: demandar.
    * * *
    1 (petición) petition, request
    2 (pregunta) inquiry
    4 DERECHO lawsuit
    \
    en demanda de asking for
    estimar una demanda to allow a claim
    presentar una demanda contra alguien to take legal action against somebody
    la ley de la oferta y la demanda the law of supply and demand
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=solicitud) request (de for)
    [exigiendo] demand (de for)

    ir en demanda de algo — to go in search of sth, go looking for sth

    2) esp LAm (=pregunta) inquiry
    3) (Com) demand
    oferta 2)
    4) (Teat) call
    5) (Elec) load
    6) (Jur) action, lawsuit

    entablar demanda — to bring an action, sue

    * * *
    1) (Com) demand
    2)
    a) (Der) lawsuit

    interponer una demanda — to bring a lawsuit, to file suit (AmE)

    b) ( petición) request
    * * *
    1) (Com) demand
    2)
    a) (Der) lawsuit

    interponer una demanda — to bring a lawsuit, to file suit (AmE)

    b) ( petición) request
    * * *
    demanda1
    = demand, pressure, push towards, request, exigency, clamour [clamor, -USA].

    Ex: The best indexing system can respond to these various demands.

    Ex: The pressures of the marketplace mean that any vital facility must be offered by all of the major hosts.
    Ex: In the frenetic push towards international cooperation among research libraries, the library needs of the nonscholar are easily overlooked.
    Ex: Because the co-ordination of index terms in the index description is decided before any particular request is made, the index is termed a pre-co-ordinate index.
    Ex: The LA dangles between short-term exigencies and long-term potentials, and a call for cuts in library school output is trying to cure symptoms rather than diseases.
    Ex: Chilton Book Company is probably the largest publisher of repair guides for automobiles and motorcycles, and there is no end to the clamor for these tools at a reference desk.
    * a demanda = pro re nata.
    * atender a una demanda = cater for/to + interest.
    * atender una demanda = cater for/to + demand.
    * aumento de la demanda = increase in (the) demand, increased demand.
    * ceder a una demanda = bow to + demand.
    * crear demanda = make + demand.
    * demanda cada vez menor = falling demand.
    * demanda comercial = market demand, commercial demand.
    * demanda de mercado = market demand.
    * demanda de temporada = seasonal demand.
    * demanda estacional = seasonal demand.
    * demanda fija = inelastic demand.
    * demanda masiva = mass market.
    * demanda popular = public demand.
    * demandas = demand load.
    * demanda según la temporada = seasonal demand.
    * demanda sin variaciones = inelastic demand.
    * edición según la demanda = on-demand publishing.
    * en demanda = in-demand.
    * estimar la demanda de Algo = gauge + the demand for.
    * existir una demanda de = there + be + call for.
    * hora de mayor demanda = peak time.
    * incremento de la demanda = increased demand.
    * indización según la demanda = request-oriented indexing.
    * la demanda de = a call for.
    * ley de la oferta y la demanda = law of supply and demand.
    * nivel de demanda = level of demand.
    * oferta y demanda = supply and demand.
    * período de mayor demanda = peak time.
    * publicación según la demanda = on-demand publishing.
    * revista que tiene una gran demanda popular = mass-market journal.
    * satisfacer una demanda = meet + demand, satisfy + demand.

    demanda2
    2 = appeal, plea, claim, demand.

    Ex: Special prominence has been given to the appeals to implement this task, in which libraries have to play an influential part.

    Ex: One recent plea for a classification of bibliography along these lines has been by Lloyd Hibberd.
    Ex: Dialog also wants relief from outstanding royalty claims from the American Chemical Society.
    Ex: Demands from clients will often throw up an occurrence of similar problems, revealing perhaps the operation of an injustice, the lack of an amenity in the neighbourhood, or simply bureaucratic inefficiency.
    * demanda colectiva = class action suit, class action.
    * demanda colectiva de los inversionistas = securities class action.
    * demanda judicial = litigation, legal action, legal proceedings.
    * entablar una demanda = bring + a suit against, file + suit against, file + lawsuit against.
    * interponer demanda = face + legal action.
    * interponer una demanda = bring + a suit against.
    * notificación de demanda = notice of demand.
    * poner una demanda = face + legal action.
    * presentar una demanda = file + suit against, file + lawsuit against.
    * presentar una demanda judicial = take + legal action, take + legal proceedings.

    * * *
    A ( Com) demand
    la ley de la oferta y la demanda the law of supply and demand
    un producto que tiene mucha demanda a product which is in great demand
    días de mayor demanda days when demand is greatest
    B
    1 ( Der) lawsuit
    ha presentado una demanda contra ellos he is suing them, he has brought a lawsuit against them
    interponer una demanda to bring a lawsuit, to file suit ( AmE)
    2
    (petición): lo siento mucho, pero no puedo acceder a su demanda I am very sorry but I cannot agree to your request
    plantearon su demanda al gobierno they presented their demands to the government
    se manifestaron en demanda de mejores condiciones de trabajo they held a demonstration to demand o they demonstrated for better working conditions
    me miró, como en demanda de una explicación she looked at me, as if asking for an explanation
    C ( liter)
    (empresa): morir or perecer en la demanda to die o ( frml) perish in the attempt
    * * *

     

    Del verbo demandar: ( conjugate demandar)

    demanda es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    demanda    
    demandar
    demanda sustantivo femenino
    1 (Com) demand;

    2
    a) (Der) lawsuit;




    demandar ( conjugate demandar) verbo transitivo
    1 (Der) to sue
    2 (AmL) ( requerir) to require
    demanda sustantivo femenino
    1 Jur lawsuit
    2 Com demand
    3 (petición, solicitud) demand: nadie atendió sus demandas de ayuda, nobody paid any attention to his pleas for help
    demandar verbo transitivo
    1 Jur to sue
    2 (pedir) to demand
    ' demanda' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    denegar
    - oferta
    - atender
    - caída
    - cubrir
    - desistir
    - ley
    - reclamación
    - reivindicación
    English:
    action
    - call
    - claim
    - complaint
    - demand
    - file
    - lawsuit
    - market demand
    - peak
    - run
    - rush
    - seasonal
    - seek after
    - slacken off
    - slander
    - snowball
    - supply
    - surge
    - couple
    - petition
    - sought
    - sue
    * * *
    1. [petición] request;
    [reivindicación] demand;
    atender las demandas de los trabajadores to respond to the workers' demands;
    en demanda de asking for;
    irán a la huelga en demanda de una mejora salarial they will go on strike in support of their demands for better pay
    demanda de ayuda request for help;
    demanda de empleo [solicitud] job application;
    demanda de extradición extradition request;
    demanda salarial wage claim
    2. [en economía] demand;
    hay mucha demanda de informáticos there is a great demand for computer specialists;
    ha crecido la demanda de productos reciclables there has been an increase in demand for recyclable products;
    la demanda de trabajo en el sector turístico es muy alta jobs in the tourist industry are in high demand;
    la oferta y la demanda supply and demand
    3. [en derecho] lawsuit;
    [por daños y perjuicios] claim;
    interponer o [m5] presentar una demanda contra to take legal action against;
    * * *
    f
    1 demand (de for);
    en demanda de (asking) for
    2 COM demand;
    tener mucha demanda be very popular;
    tiene poca demanda there’s not much demand for it, it’s not very popular
    3 JUR lawsuit, claim;
    interponer una demanda contra alguien take legal action against s.o.
    * * *
    1) : demand
    la oferta y la demanda: supply and demand
    2) : petition, request
    3) : lawsuit
    * * *
    1. (de productos) demand

    Spanish-English dictionary > demanda

  • 7 professionnel

    c black professionnel, -elle [pʀɔfesjɔnεl]
    1. adjective
       a. [activité, maladie] occupational ; [école] technical
       b. [écrivain, sportif] professional
    c black2. masculine noun, feminine noun
    • c'est un travail de professionnel ( = qui a été fait par un professionnel) it's a very professional job ; ( = pour un professionnel) it's a job for a professional
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ✎ Le mot anglais s'écrit avec un seul n et se termine par -al.
    * * *

    1.
    - elle pʀɔfesjɔnɛl adjectif
    1) ( relatif au métier) gén professional; [vie, milieu] working (épith), professional; [maladie] occupational; [enseignement, formation] vocational; [exposition, salon] trade
    2) ( non amateur) professional

    acteur/sportif non professionnel — amateur actor/sportsman


    2.
    nom masculin, féminin
    1) ( spécialiste d'un métier) professional
    2) ( non-amateur) professional
    * * *
    pʀɔfesjɔnɛl professionnel, -le
    1. adj
    2. nm/f
    1) (= spécialiste) professional
    2) (= ouvrier qualifié) skilled worker
    * * *
    A adj
    1 ( relatif au métier) [qualification, catégorie, objectif, prétention, réussite] professional; [vie, milieu] working ( épith), professional; [maladie] occupational; [enseignement, baccalauréat, formation] vocational; [exposition, salon] trade; j'ai eu de la chance dans le domaine or sur le plan professionnel I've been lucky in my professional life; pour raisons professionnelles for work ou professional reasons; revendications professionnelles workers' demands; jargon professionnel specialist jargon; l'avenir professionnel career prospects (pl); avoir une activité professionnelle to have an occupation, to be in work; en dehors de mes activités professionnelles outside my work; il s'occupe de leur réinsertion professionnelle he's responsible for finding them jobs; local à usage professionnel business premises (pl);
    2 ( non amateur) [joueur, club, statut, danseur] professional; tricheur professionnel hum professional cheat; acteur/sportif non professionnel amateur ou nonprofessional actor/sportsman.
    B nm,f
    1 ( spécialiste d'un métier) professional; le salon est réservé aux professionnels the show is restricted to people in the trade; un professionnel du cinéma a professional film-maker; un professionnel du bâtiment a person working in the building trade; les professionnels de la santé health professionals; c'est du travail de professionnel lit, fig it's a professional job;
    2 ( non-amateur) professional; passer professionnel to turn professional.
    C professionnelle○ nf ( prostituée) prostitute, pro○.
    ( féminin professionnelle) [prɔfɛsjɔnɛl] adjectif
    1. [lié à une profession - maladie, risque] occupational ; [ - enseignement] vocational
    école professionnelle ≃ technical college
    2. [qualifié - musicien, sportif] professional
    3. [compétent] professional, accomplished
    ————————
    , professionnelle [prɔfɛsjɔnɛl] nom masculin, nom féminin
    2. [personne expérimentée] professional
    ————————
    professionnelle nom féminin
    (familier) [prostituée] pro (prostitute)

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > professionnel

  • 8 social

    social, e (masculine plural - iaux) [sɔsjal, jo]
    1. adjective
       a. social
       b. ( = du travail) revendications sociales workers' demands
    2. masculine noun
    • le social ( = questions) social issues
    * * *

    1.
    sociale, mpl - iaux sɔsjal, o adjectif

    les origines sociales de quelqu'un, le milieu social de quelqu'un — somebody's social background

    conflit social — industrial ou trade dispute


    2.
    nom masculin

    faire du social — [gouvernement] to take a keen interest in social issues

    * * *
    sɔsjal, jo social, -e
    sociaux mpl adj
    (groupe, milieu, relations, édifice) social, (situation, conflit, avancées, conquête, crise, programme, mesure, justice) social
    * * *
    A adj
    1 ( relatif à la vie en société) [rapports, phénomène, conventions, climat, politique] social; sur le plan social in social terms; mesures sociales social policy measures;
    2 ( propre à la société) [catégorie, classe, inégalités, justice, cohésion] social; les origines sociales de qn, le milieu social de qn sb's social background;
    3 ( relatif au travail) conflit social industrial ou trade dispute; revendications sociales workers' demands.
    B nm le social social issues (pl); faire du social [gouvernement] to take a keen interest in social issues.
    ( féminin sociale, pluriel masculin sociaux) [sɔsjal, o] adjectif
    1. [réformes, problèmes, ordre, politique] social
    3. ENTOMOLOGIE & ZOOLOGIE social
    4. DROIT company (modificateur)
    ————————
    nom masculin

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > social

  • 9 revendication

    revendication [ʀ(ə)vɑ̃dikasjɔ̃]
    feminine noun
       a. ( = action) claiming
       b. ( = demande) demand
    • revendications salariales/territoriales wage/territorial claims
    * * *
    ʀ(ə)vɑ̃dikasjɔ̃
    nom féminin (d'ouvrier, de catégorie sociale) demand; (de pays, population, d'héritier) claim (sur, de to)
    * * *
    ʀ(ə)vɑ̃dikasjɔ̃ nf
    claim, demand
    * * *
    1 ( réclamation) (d'ouvrier, de catégorie sociale) demand; (de pays, d'héritier, de population) claim (sur, de to); revendications sociales social demands; revendications salariales wage demands ou claims; revendications territoriales territorial claims; la revendication d'un territoire par un État the claim of a state to a territory; la revendication d'un droit the demanding of a right;
    2 ( reconnaissance) claiming of responsibility (de for).
    [rəvɑ̃dikasjɔ̃] nom féminin
    [réclamation] demand

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > revendication

  • 10 demand

    [dɪˈmaːnd]
    1. verb
    1) to ask or ask for firmly and sharply:

    I demanded an explanation.

    يَطْلُب
    2) to require or need:

    This demands careful thought.

    يَحتاج، يَتَطَلَّب
    2. noun
    1) a request made so that it sounds like a command:

    They refused to meet the workers' demands for more money.

    طَلَب، أمْر
    2) an urgent claim:

    The children make demands on my time.

    مَطالِب

    There's no demand for books of this kind.

    طَلب عَلى

    Arabic-English dictionary > demand

  • 11 reclamo

    m.
    1 inducement.
    reclamo publicitario advertising gimmick
    reclamo de ventas loss leader
    2 decoy, lure.
    3 call.
    4 complaint. ( Latin American Spanish)
    5 claim, complaint, protest.
    6 bird call, call.
    7 decoy bird, stool pigeon.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: reclamar.
    * * *
    1 (para cazar) decoy bird, lure
    2 (silbato) bird call
    3 (llamada) call
    4 (anuncio) advertisement; (eslogan) advertising slogan
    5 figurado inducement
    * * *
    SM
    1) (Orn) call; (Caza) decoy, lure
    2) (=llamada) call
    3) (=anuncio) advertisement; (=slogan) advertising slogan; (=aliciente) lure, attraction; (Tip) catchword
    4) (Jur) claim
    5) (=afirmación) claim, statement
    6) LAm (=protesta) complaint
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( de pájaro) call
    b) ( para cazar - silbato) birdcall; (- señuelo) lure, decoy
    2) (esp AmL) (para atraer la atención, provocar interés) lure
    3) (AmL) ( queja) complaint
    * * *
    = catchword, call, decoy.
    Ex. It became usual in the mid sixteenth century to complete each page with the first word of the following page set as a catchword at the end of the direction line.
    Ex. The system identifies frog calls and measures their abundance.
    Ex. The vast majority of hunted game is killed with a firearm; other hunting methods (bow-hunting, trapping, capturing with decoys, etc.) are less significant.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( de pájaro) call
    b) ( para cazar - silbato) birdcall; (- señuelo) lure, decoy
    2) (esp AmL) (para atraer la atención, provocar interés) lure
    3) (AmL) ( queja) complaint
    * * *
    = catchword, call, decoy.

    Ex: It became usual in the mid sixteenth century to complete each page with the first word of the following page set as a catchword at the end of the direction line.

    Ex: The system identifies frog calls and measures their abundance.
    Ex: The vast majority of hunted game is killed with a firearm; other hunting methods (bow-hunting, trapping, capturing with decoys, etc.) are less significant.

    * * *
    A
    2 (para cazar — silbato) birdcall; (— pájaro) lure, decoy
    el reclamo que supone el letrero de rebajas the lure o attraction of the `sale' sign
    C ( AmS) (queja) complaint
    * * *

     

    Del verbo reclamar: ( conjugate reclamar)

    reclamo es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    reclamó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    reclamar    
    reclamo
    reclamar ( conjugate reclamar) verbo transitivo
    a) [ persona] ‹derecho/indemnización› to claim;

    ( con insistencia) to demand
    b) [situación/problema] to require, demand

    verbo intransitivo
    to complain;

    reclamo sustantivo masculino

    b) (esp AmL) (para atraer la atención, provocar interés) lure

    c) (AmL) ( queja) complaint

    reclamar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (un derecho, una propiedad) to claim, demand
    2 (requerir) to call: la empresa lo reclama en la sede central, the company have summoned him to the headquarters
    Jur (a un testigo, inculpado) to summon
    3 (exigir) este trabajo reclama nuestra paciencia, this work demands our patience
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 to complain, protest [contra, against]
    2 Jur to appeal
    reclamo sustantivo masculino
    1 Orn mating call
    (simulador para caza) birdcall
    (señuelo) decoy
    2 (gancho, objeto o idea que incita a hacer algo) inducement: el glamour de Hollywood es sólo un reclamo, Hollywood's glamour is nothing but a lure
    (publicitario) appeal
    ' reclamo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    reclamar
    English:
    call
    - complaint
    - decoy
    - demand
    * * *
    1. [para atraer] inducement
    reclamo publicitario advertising gimmick
    2. [para cazar] decoy, lure
    3. [de ave] call
    4. [en texto] note, reference mark
    5. Am [queja] complaint;
    cuente el vuelto antes de retirarse de la ventanilla, después no aceptamos reclamos check your change before leaving, mistakes cannot be rectified later
    6. Am [reivindicación] claim;
    los reclamos de los trabajadores the workers' demands
    * * *
    m
    1 lure
    2 L.Am.
    queja complaint
    3 L.Am.
    reivindicación claim
    * * *
    1) : bird call, lure
    2) : lure, decoy
    3) : inducement, attraction
    4) : advertisement
    5) : complaint

    Spanish-English dictionary > reclamo

  • 12 Need, Samuel

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 1718
    d. 14 April 1781 Bread Street, Cheapside, London, England
    [br]
    English manufacturer of hosiery who helped to finance Arkwright's spinning machine and early cotton mills.
    [br]
    Samuel Need was apprenticed as a framework knitter and entered the hosiery trade c. 1742. He was a Dissenter and later became an Independent Congregationalist. He married Elizabeth Gibson of Hacking, Middlesex, who survived him and died in 1781. He had a warehouse in Nottingham, where he was made a burgess in 1739–40. In 1747 he bought a mill there and had a house adjoining it, but in 1777 he bought an estate at Arnold, outside the city. From about 1759 he supported Jedediah Strutt and William Woollat in their development of Strutt's invention of the rib attachment to the knitting machine. Need became a partner with Strutt in 1762 over the patent and then they shared a joint hosiery business. When Arkwright sought financial assistance from Ichabod and John Wright, the Nottingham bankers, to develop his spinning mill in that town, the Wrights turned him over to Samuel Need. Need, having profited so much from the successful patent with Strutt, was ready to exploit another; on 19 January 1770 Need and Strutt, on payment of £500, became co-partners with Arkwright, Smalley and Thornley for the remainder of Arkwright's patent. In Need, Arkwright had secured the patronage of the leading hosier in Nottingham. Need was leader of the Hosiers' Federation in 1779 when the framework knitters petitioned Parliament to better their conditions. He gave evidence against the workers' demands and, when their bill failed, the Nottingham workers attacked first his Nottingham house and then the one at Arnold.
    Need was to remain a partner with Arkwright until his death in 1781. He was involved in die mill at Cromford and also with some later ones, such as the Birkacre mill near Chorley, Lancashire, in 1777. He made a fortune and died at his home in London.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    M.L.Walker, 1963, A History of the Family of Need of Arnold, Nottinghamshire, London (a good biography).
    R.S.Fitton, 1989, The Arkwrights, Spinners of Fortune, Manchester (covers Need's relationship with Arkwright).
    R.S.Fitton and A.P.Wadsworth, 1958, The Strutts and the Arkwrights, 1758–1830, Manchester.
    S.D.Chapman, 1967, The Early Factory Masters, Newton Abbot (describes his wider contacts with the Midlands hosiery industry).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Need, Samuel

  • 13 وافق

    وَافَقَ \ accord: to agree with: His statement does not accord with the facts. agree: to have the same opinion: I agree with your ideas about music, to say ‘yes’; be willing I asked him to help me and he agreed, to suit one’s health or stomach Strong cheese does not agree with me. approve: to agree; consider as satisfactory: We don’t approve of your behaviour. If you approve, I’ll invite him to dinner. Our plans were approved by the meeting. assent: to agree to something. coincide: (of two or more events) to happen (often by chance) at the same time: He’s pleased that the special holiday next week coincides with his birthday. consent: to agree; be willing: She consented to my wishes. \ See Also اتَّفَقَ مع \ أُوافِق \ to be sure: I agree: Yes, he’s small, to be sure, but he’s strong. \ أُوافِق مُوَافَقَةً تامّة \ absolutely: certainly: Do you think so? "Absolutely.". \ أُوافِقُك على ما تَقُول \ quite: (as a rather formal reply) I agree: ‘I think it’s a shame!’ ‘Quite (so)! But what can we do about it?’. \ وَافَقَ عَلَى \ accept: to agree with (an idea, etc.). pass: to accept after formal consideration: The government passed a law against it. \ وَافَقَ مُكرَهًا على \ give way: to let sb. do what he wants, though one does not agree with it: He gave way to his workers’ demands. submit: to accept defeat, punishment, etc.: The boy submitted to having his hair cut.

    Arabic-English dictionary > وافق

  • 14 give way

    وَافَقَ مُكرَهًا على \ give way: to let sb. do what he wants, though one does not agree with it: He gave way to his workers’ demands. submit: to accept defeat, punishment, etc.: The boy submitted to having his hair cut.

    Arabic-English glossary > give way

  • 15 submit

    وَافَقَ مُكرَهًا على \ give way: to let sb. do what he wants, though one does not agree with it: He gave way to his workers’ demands. submit: to accept defeat, punishment, etc.: The boy submitted to having his hair cut.

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  • 16 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 17 basado en la evidencia

    (adj.) = evidence based [evidence-based]
    Ex. The increasing pressure to adopt evidence based practice places large information demands on health professionals and by extension, on the information workers who support them.
    * * *
    (adj.) = evidence based [evidence-based]

    Ex: The increasing pressure to adopt evidence based practice places large information demands on health professionals and by extension, on the information workers who support them.

    Spanish-English dictionary > basado en la evidencia

  • 18 empírico

    adj.
    1 empiric, practical, empirical.
    2 empiric, based on experience.
    m.
    empiricist.
    * * *
    1 empirical
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 empiricist
    * * *
    empírico, -a
    1.
    ADJ empirical, empiric
    2.
    SM / F empiricist
    * * *
    I
    - ca adjetivo empirical
    II
    - ca masculino, femenino empiricist
    * * *
    = empirical, empiric, evidence based [evidence-based].
    Ex. A comparison is made with large scale empirical studies conducted in 2 other countries namely the Uk and USA.
    Ex. This article attempts to identify major problems facing departmental libraries based upon experience rather than empiric research.
    Ex. The increasing pressure to adopt evidence based practice places large information demands on health professionals and by extension, on the information workers who support them.
    ----
    * basado en un método empírico = enquiry-based [inquiry-based, -USA].
    * evidencia empírica = empirical evidence.
    * investigación empírica = empirical research.
    * * *
    I
    - ca adjetivo empirical
    II
    - ca masculino, femenino empiricist
    * * *
    = empirical, empiric, evidence based [evidence-based].

    Ex: A comparison is made with large scale empirical studies conducted in 2 other countries namely the Uk and USA.

    Ex: This article attempts to identify major problems facing departmental libraries based upon experience rather than empiric research.
    Ex: The increasing pressure to adopt evidence based practice places large information demands on health professionals and by extension, on the information workers who support them.
    * basado en un método empírico = enquiry-based [inquiry-based, -USA].
    * evidencia empírica = empirical evidence.
    * investigación empírica = empirical research.

    * * *
    empírico1 -ca
    empirical
    empírico2 -ca
    masculine, feminine
    empiricist
    * * *

    empírico,-a adjetivo empirical
    ' empírico' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    empírica
    English:
    empirical
    * * *
    empírico, -a
    ♦ adj
    empirical
    ♦ nm,f
    empiricist
    * * *
    adj empirical
    * * *
    empírico, -ca adj
    : empirical

    Spanish-English dictionary > empírico

  • 19 reclamar

    v.
    1 to demand, to ask for.
    le he reclamado todo el dinero que me debe I've demanded that he return to me all the money he owes me
    la multitud reclamaba que cantara otra canción the crowd clamored for her to sing another song
    2 to demand, to require.
    el negocio reclama toda mi atención the business requires o demands all my attention
    3 to ask for.
    te reclaman en la oficina they're asking for you at the office
    4 to protest.
    5 to claim, to ask for, to demand, to lay claim to.
    Ellos reclaman su premio They claim their prize.
    6 to reclaim, to recover, to recuperate.
    Reclamaron mucha tierra junto al mar They reclaimed a lot of land by the sea
    7 to complain.
    Ellos reclaman siempre They always complain.
    8 to file a claim, to lodge a claim.
    Ellos reclamaron hace un mes They filed a claim about a month ago.
    * * *
    1 (pedir) to demand, claim
    2 (exigir) to require, demand
    1 (protestar) to protest ( contra, against)
    2 DERECHO to appeal
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ herencia, tierras] to claim; [+ derechos] to demand
    2) [+ atención, solución] to demand
    3) [+ aves] to call to
    2.
    VI (=quejarse) to complain

    reclamar contra una sentencia — (Jur) to appeal against a sentence

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) persona <derecho/indemnización> to claim; ( con insistencia) to demand
    b) situación/problema to require, demand
    2.
    reclamar vi to complain
    * * *
    = claim, recall, lay + claim(s) to, clamour for [clamor, -USA], reclaim, make + claim, place + claim, call on/upon, contest, appeal.
    Ex. Periodicals control -- the procedures for receiving, ( claiming), and binding single issues of periodicals and serials -- is restricted to authorized users.
    Ex. To send a recall, display the circulation status of the copy to be recalled.
    Ex. If librarians would calmly and publicly and increasingly lay claim to this area as their professional domain, they would gradually bring about the change in attitude that many desire to see.
    Ex. I've seen people clamor for a say and when it's given to them they don't take it.
    Ex. The article ' Reclaiming our technological future' discusses the effects of electronic technology on the future development of libraries and librarians.
    Ex. The claim is made that society is evolving from one whose formal communication patterns have, for centuries, been based primarily on print on paper to one in which communication channels will be largely paperless (electronic).
    Ex. Overall the on-line method of placing claims was preferred because it resulted in a faster response from the vendor and a quicker receipt of the journal.
    Ex. This article calls on libraries to forge a renewed national commitment to cooperate in the building of a national information network for scholarly communications.
    Ex. Unfortunately I have not been able to find another survey which incorporates data which would support or contest the conclusions of the Luton survey.
    Ex. The judge rejected it because it was considered an intimidation tactic and there was no opportunity for those denied voting from appealing before the polls closed.
    ----
    * reclamar daños = claim + damages.
    * reclamar el control de = make + claim upon.
    * reclamar el derecho a Algo = stake + Posesivo + claim.
    * reclamar una decisión = appeal + decision.
    * reclamar venganza = bay for + blood, bay for + vengeance.
    * sin reclamar = unredeemed.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) persona <derecho/indemnización> to claim; ( con insistencia) to demand
    b) situación/problema to require, demand
    2.
    reclamar vi to complain
    * * *
    = claim, recall, lay + claim(s) to, clamour for [clamor, -USA], reclaim, make + claim, place + claim, call on/upon, contest, appeal.

    Ex: Periodicals control -- the procedures for receiving, ( claiming), and binding single issues of periodicals and serials -- is restricted to authorized users.

    Ex: To send a recall, display the circulation status of the copy to be recalled.
    Ex: If librarians would calmly and publicly and increasingly lay claim to this area as their professional domain, they would gradually bring about the change in attitude that many desire to see.
    Ex: I've seen people clamor for a say and when it's given to them they don't take it.
    Ex: The article ' Reclaiming our technological future' discusses the effects of electronic technology on the future development of libraries and librarians.
    Ex: The claim is made that society is evolving from one whose formal communication patterns have, for centuries, been based primarily on print on paper to one in which communication channels will be largely paperless (electronic).
    Ex: Overall the on-line method of placing claims was preferred because it resulted in a faster response from the vendor and a quicker receipt of the journal.
    Ex: This article calls on libraries to forge a renewed national commitment to cooperate in the building of a national information network for scholarly communications.
    Ex: Unfortunately I have not been able to find another survey which incorporates data which would support or contest the conclusions of the Luton survey.
    Ex: The judge rejected it because it was considered an intimidation tactic and there was no opportunity for those denied voting from appealing before the polls closed.
    * reclamar daños = claim + damages.
    * reclamar el control de = make + claim upon.
    * reclamar el derecho a Algo = stake + Posesivo + claim.
    * reclamar una decisión = appeal + decision.
    * reclamar venganza = bay for + blood, bay for + vengeance.
    * sin reclamar = unredeemed.

    * * *
    reclamar [A1 ]
    vt
    1 «persona» ‹derecho/indemnización› to claim; (con insistencia) to demand
    si no reclama el pago dentro de seis meses if you do not claim payment within six months
    reclamó su parte de los beneficios he claimed his share of the profits
    los manifestantes reclamaban el derecho al voto the demonstrators were demanding the right to vote
    el enfermo reclamaba constantemente atención the patient was constantly demanding attention
    2 «situación/problema» to require, demand
    la situación reclama mucho tacto the situation calls for o requires a great deal of tact
    estos problemas reclaman soluciones inmediatas these problems need to be sorted out immediately, these problems require o demand immediate solutions
    ■ reclamar
    vi
    to complain
    tiene derecho a reclamar si no está satisfecho you have the right to complain o to make a complaint if you are not satisfied
    reclamó ante los tribunales she took the matter to court
    reclamé contra la multa I appealed against the fine
    * * *

     

    reclamar ( conjugate reclamar) verbo transitivo
    a) [ persona] ‹derecho/indemnización› to claim;

    ( con insistencia) to demand
    b) [situación/problema] to require, demand

    verbo intransitivo
    to complain;

    reclamar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (un derecho, una propiedad) to claim, demand
    2 (requerir) to call: la empresa lo reclama en la sede central, the company have summoned him to the headquarters
    Jur (a un testigo, inculpado) to summon
    3 (exigir) este trabajo reclama nuestra paciencia, this work demands our patience
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 to complain, protest [contra, against]
    2 Jur to appeal

    ' reclamar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    reivindicar
    English:
    claim
    - demand
    - reclaim
    - stake
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [pedir, exigir] to demand, to ask for;
    le he reclamado todo el dinero que me debe I've demanded that he return to me all the money he owes me;
    reclamó ante un tribunal una indemnización she went to court to claim compensation;
    la multitud reclamaba que cantara otra canción the crowd clamoured for her to sing another song
    2. [necesitar] to demand, to require;
    el negocio reclama toda mi atención the business requires o demands all my attention;
    este conflicto reclama una solución inmediata this conflict calls for an immediate solution
    3. [llamar] to ask for;
    te reclaman en la oficina they're asking for you at the office
    4. Der
    reclamar a alguien to summon sb to appear before the court
    ♦ vi
    [quejarse] to make a complaint;
    reclamaron por los malos tratos recibidos they made a complaint about the ill-treatment they had received;
    reclamó contra la sanción he made a formal protest against the suspension
    * * *
    I v/t claim, demand
    II v/i complain
    * * *
    1) exigir: to demand, to require
    2) : to claim
    : to complain
    * * *
    1. (protestar) to complain
    2. (exigir) to demand / to claim

    Spanish-English dictionary > reclamar

  • 20 Recht

    Recht n 1. RECHT law (Rechtsordnung, Rechtsnormen, objektives Recht); 2. RECHT right (to do sth) (das Recht etw. zu tun, subjektives Recht) • alle Rechte vorbehalten RECHT all rights reserved • auf die Rechte eines anderen übergreifen RECHT impinge on sb’s rights • das Recht haben RECHT have the right to • für Recht erkennen RECHT make a judgment, adjudge • im Recht sein GEN be in the right • in die Rechte eines anderen eingreifen RECHT impinge on sb’s rights • jmdm. das Recht erteilen, etw. zu tun GEN give sb the right to do sth • nach deutschem Recht RECHT according to German law • Recht haben RECHT be in the right • Recht übertragen GEN, RECHT alienate • Recht und Ordnung wiederherstellen RECHT restore law and order • Recht vorbehalten RECHT reserve a right • Rechte gewährt durch PAT rights afforded by • von einem Recht Gebrauch machen RECHT exercise a right • von Rechts wegen RECHT by law, de jure
    * * *
    n < Recht> 1. Rechtsordnung, Rechtsnormen law, 2. das Recht etw. zu tun right (to do something) ■ alle Rechte vorbehalten < Recht> all rights reserved ■ auf die Rechte eines anderen übergreifen < Recht> impinge on sb's rights ■ im Recht sein < Geschäft> be in the right ■ in die Rechte eines anderen eingreifen < Recht> impinge on sb's rights ■ jmdm. das Recht erteilen, etw. zu tun < Geschäft> give sb the right to do sth ■ nach deutschem Recht < Recht> according to German law ■ Recht übertragen <Geschäft, Recht> alienate ■ Recht und Ordnung wiederherstellen < Recht> restore law and order ■ Rechte gewährt durch < Patent> rights afforded by ■ von einem Recht Gebrauch machen < Recht> exercise a right ■ von Rechts wegen < Recht> by law, de jure
    * * *
    Recht
    law, (Anspruch) right, claim, interest, title, (Befugnis) power, authority, (rechtliches Gehör) due process of law, (Gerechtigkeit) justice, (Rechtsstudium) jurisprudence, law, (Vorrecht) privilege;
    • alle Rechte vorbehalten copyright entered at Stationer’s Hall, all rights reserved;
    • aus eigenem Recht in one’s own right;
    • ausschließlich aller Rechte (Wertpapier) ex all;
    • mit gegenwärtigem Recht auf zukünftige Nutzung vested in interest;
    • mit dem Recht des Substanzeingriffs (Pächter) without impeachment of waste;
    • nach englischem Recht under English law;
    • nach materiellem Recht upon the merits;
    • ohne das geringste (jeden Anschein von) Recht without any colo(u)r of right;
    • von Rechts wegen as of right, according to (by operation of) law, in duty bound;
    • abgeleitetes Recht (EU) secondary legislation;
    • abgetretenes Recht assigned right;
    • abtretbares Recht transferable right;
    • älteres Recht (Sachenrecht) paramount title;
    • angeborenes Recht inherent right;
    • angestammtes Recht birthright;
    • nicht mehr angewandtes Recht law fallen into disuse;
    • anwendbares (anzuwendendes) Recht governing (applicable) law;
    • ausländisches Recht foreign law;
    • ausschließliches Recht exclusive right;
    • außerstaatliches Recht external law;
    • bedingtes Recht contingent interest;
    • begründete Rechte vested rights;
    • vertraglich begründetes Recht contractual right;
    • nebeneinander bestehende Rechte concurrent interests;
    • zur Kaufpreissicherung bestelltes Recht purchase-money security interest (US);
    • bindendes Recht binding law;
    • bürgerliches Recht common (civil, private) law;
    • aufschiebend bedingtes dingliches Recht executory interest;
    • einklagbares Recht enforceable right;
    • einzelstaatliches Recht (EU) national law;
    • entgegenstehende Rechte conflicting rights;
    • erworbene Rechte rights accrued, vested rights;
    • formelles Recht law adjective, procedural law;
    • geltendes Recht existing (established) law, law in force;
    • am Ort des Vertragsabschlusses geltendes Recht law of the place where the contract is made;
    • streitig gemachtes Recht threatened right;
    • grundlegendes Recht fundamental right;
    • gültiges Recht law in force;
    • höchstpersönliches Recht right of persons, personal servitude;
    • innerstaatliches (inländisches) Recht internal (domestic, national, municipal) law;
    • internationales Recht international law, law of nations;
    • materielles Recht substantive law;
    • nachgewiesenes Recht proved claim;
    • nachgiebiges Recht flexible law;
    • naturgegebenes Recht inherent right;
    • öffentliches Recht public law;
    • originäres Recht natural right;
    • persönliches Recht private (personal) law;
    • staatsbürgerliche Rechte civil rights;
    • stärkeres Recht title paramount;
    • genau umschriebene Rechte definite rights;
    • unabdingbares Recht inalienable right;
    • unbestrittenes Recht clear title;
    • ungeschriebenes Recht unwritten law;
    • verbriefte Rechte (Verfassung) vested (chartered) rights;
    • verfassungsmäßig verbürgtes Recht constitutional right;
    • vererbliche Rechte incorporeal hereditaments;
    • verjährtes Recht statute-barred right;
    • vertragliches Recht contractual right;
    • vertragsähnliches Recht quasi-contractual right;
    • verwirktes Recht forfeited right;
    • im Rang vorgehendes Recht senior title;
    • wohlerworbene Rechte duly acquired rights, (Verfassung) vested rights (US);
    • Recht des Aberntens [auch nach Beendigung der Pachtzeit] (Pächter) right to emblement;
    • Recht auf Abtretung der Ersatzansprüche right of subrogation;
    • Recht auf Akteneinsicht right to inspect files;
    • Recht auf Arbeit right to work, employment right;
    • Rechte von schwangeren oder stillenden Arbeitnehmerinnen rights for working women who are pregnant or breastfeeding;
    • Recht auf ungestörte Aussicht right of view;
    • Recht zur Banknotenausgabe note-issuing privilege (Br.);
    • Recht auf Beanstandung right to [lodge] complaint;
    • Recht auf vorzugsweise Befriedigung im Konkursverfahren priority (preference) claim;
    • Recht auf Beibehaltung des Arbeitsplatzes bei Entlassungen bumping right;
    • Rechte Dritter third-party rights;
    • Recht am geistiges Eigentum intellectual property right;
    • handelsbezogene Rechte am geistigen Eigentum trade related intellectual property rights (TRIPS);
    • Recht auf Einsichtnahme right to inspect;
    • Recht auf Einsichtnahme in die Geschäftsbücher right of access to the books;
    • individuelles Recht auf Elternurlaub individual right to parental leave;
    • Recht auf gleiches Entgelt bei gleicher Arbeit right to equal pay for equal work;
    • Recht auf gleiches Entgelt bei gleicher bzw. gleichwertiger Arbeit right to equal pay for equal work or work of equal value;
    • Recht auf Entnahme right of withdrawal;
    • Rechte gutgläubiger Erwerber rights of innocent purchasers;
    • ausschließliches Recht zur Fernsehwerbung exclusive right to broadcast television advertising;
    • gleiche Rechte für Frauen und Männer (EU)equal rights and opportunities for women and men;
    • Rechte und Freiheiten der ideologischen und philosophischen Minderheiten rights and liberties of ideological and philosophical minorities;
    • Recht auf Freizügigkeit right to free movement;
    • Recht auf Gegendarstellung right of reply;
    • Recht auf Gegenseitigkeit law of reciprocity;
    • Rechte an einem Grundstück legal interests in land, chattels real;
    • Recht der Handelsvertreter agency law;
    • Recht der unerlaubten Handlungen law of torts;
    • sachenrechtsähnliches Recht an Immobilien equitable state;
    • Recht im Internet cyberlaw;
    • Recht der Kapitalgesellschaften company law (Br.);
    • Recht des Kaufvertrags law of sales;
    • Rechte der Mehrheit majority rights;
    • Recht auf freie Meinungsäußerung freedom of speech, right to speak;
    • Rechte der Minderheit minority rights;
    • Recht auf Nachlassbeschränkung (Erbe) benefit of inventory;
    • Recht der Niederlassung right of settlement;
    • Rechte einer juristischen Person corporate rights;
    • Rechte und Pflichten rights and liabilities;
    • Recht der Produkthaftung product liability law;
    • Recht auf Rückkehr an den gleichen oder einen gleichwertigen Arbeitsplatz right to return to the same or an equivalent job;
    • Rechte an Sachen right of things;
    • Recht an beweglichen Sachen chattel interest;
    • Recht des Schadenersatzes law of damages;
    • Recht auf Schutz der Intimsphäre right of privacy;
    • Recht auf informationelle Selbstbestimmung self-determination right in information;
    • Recht auf Selbstverteidigung inherent right of self-defence;
    • Recht auf Stellvertretung law of agency;
    • Recht der Vereinigungsfreiheit right of freedom of association;
    • Rechte und Verpflichtungen aus einem Vertrag rights and obligations arising under a contract;
    • Rechte des Wechselinhabers holder’s right;
    • Recht auf Wiederinbesitznahme right of reentry;
    • Rechte von Wöchnerinnen rights for working women who have recently given birth;
    • jem. ein Recht aberkennen to divest s. o. of a right;
    • Recht abtreten to assign (cede) a right;
    • sich jds. Rechte anmaßen to usurp s. one’s rights;
    • über die Rechte in anderen EU-Mitgliedstaaten aufklären to inform of the rights in other EU countries;
    • Recht ausüben to exercise a right;
    • Recht auf den Bezug junger Aktien ausüben to exercise the right to subscribe for new shares (stocks, US);
    • Recht beanspruchen to vindicate a claim;
    • jds. Rechte beeinträchtigen to prejudice (encroach upon) s. one’s rights;
    • sich eines Rechtes begeben to abandon (surrender) a right;
    • auf seinem Recht bestehen to insist on one’s right, to exact one’s pound of flesh;
    • zu Recht bestehen to be good in law;
    • Recht beugen to stretch law, to pervert the course of justice;
    • seine Rechte gerichtlich durchsetzen to enforce one’s rights;
    • in vertragliche Rechte eingreifen to impair the obligations of a contract;
    • in jds. Rechte eintreten to succeed to s. one’s rights;
    • für Recht erkennen to hold, to adjudicate, to find;
    • Recht ersitzen to prescribe to a right;
    • Recht auf Selbstbestimmung garantieren to guarantee (safeguard) the right of self-determination;
    • eines Rechtes verlustig gehen to forfeit a right;
    • Recht genießen (haben) to enjoy a right;
    • Recht auf seiner Seite haben to have a strong case;
    • Recht erlöschen (verfallen) lassen to allow a right to lapse;
    • von seinem guten Recht Gebrauch machen to exercise one’s perfectly valid right;
    • jem. ein Recht streitig machen to contest s. one’s right;
    • seine Rechte missbrauchen to exceed (act in excess of) one’s rights;
    • sein Recht in Anspruch nehmen to push one’s demands;
    • jds. Rechte schmälern to curtail (entrench, restrain) s. one’s rights;
    • im Recht sein to have the law on one’s side;
    • unvereinbar mit dem Recht der Europäischen Union sein to be inconsistent with European Community law;
    • Recht sprechen to dispense (administer) justice, to judge;
    • j. im Genuss seiner Rechte stören to disturb s. o. in the lawful enjoyment of rights;
    • Recht mit Füßen treten to fly in the face of the law;
    • Recht übertragen to assign (transfer) a right;
    • Recht verdrehen to pervert the course of justice, to twist the law;
    • jem. ein Recht verleihen to confer a right upon s. o.;
    • Recht verletzen to infringe a right;
    • jds. Rechte verletzen to trespass on s. one’s rights;
    • auf ein Recht verzichten to relinquish (disclaim) a right;
    • sich ein Recht vorbehalten to reserve a right for o. s.;
    • Recht wahren to safeguard a right;
    • Recht auf Freizügigkeit wahrnehmen to take advantage of the right to free movement;
    • nach dem Recht des Wohnsitzes beurteilt werden to be governed by the law of domicile;
    • den Arbeitern ein verbrieftes Recht auf Grundkapitalbeteiligung zugestehen to give workers a recognized right to a bit of the equity.

    Business german-english dictionary > Recht

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